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以johnsnow,写一篇作文
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更新时间:2024-03-29 08:30:40
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以johnsnow,写一篇作文

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  Earlylifeandeducation[edit]   Snowwasborn15March1813inYork,England.HewasthefirstofninechildrenborntoWilliamandFrancesSnowintheirNorthStreethome.HisneighbourhoodwasoneofthepoorestinthecityandwasalwaysindangeroffloodingbecauseofitsproximitytotheRiverOuse.Hisfatherworkedinthelocalcoalyards,whichwereconstantlyreplenishedfromtheYorkshirecoalfieldsthroughthebargesontheOuse.SnowwasbaptisedattheAnglicanchurchofAllSaints,NorthStreet.   AllSaints,NorthStreet   SnowstudiedinYorkuntiltheageof14,whenhewasapprenticedtoWilliamHardcastle,asurgeoninNewcastleuponTyne.Itwasthere,in1831,thathefirstencounteredcholera,whichenteredNewcastleviatheseaportofSunderlandanddecimatedthetown.[1]Between1833and1836Snowworkedasanassistanttoacollierysurgeon,firstinBurnopfield,CountyDurham,andtheninPateleyBridge,NorthYorkshire.InOctober1836heenrolledattheHunterianschoolofmedicineonGreatWindmillStreet,London.[2]   Career[edit]   In1837SnowbeganworkingattheWestminsterHospital.AdmittedasamemberoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsofEnglandon2May1838,hegraduatedfromtheUniversityofLondoninDecember1844andwasadmittedtotheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansin1850.In1850hewasalsooneofthefoundingmembersoftheEpidemiologicalSocietyofLondon,formedinresponsetothecholeraoutbreakof1849.[3]   In1857Snowmadeanearlyandoftenoverlooked[4]contributiontoepidemiologyinapamphlet,Ontheadulterationofbreadasacauseofrickets.[5]   Anaesthesia[edit]   Snowwasoneofthefirstphysicianstostudyandcalculatedosagesfortheuseofetherandchloroformassurgicalanaesthetics,allowingpatientstoundergosurgicalandobstetricprocedureswithoutthedistressandpaintheywouldotherwiseexperience.Hedesignedtheapparatustosafelyadministerethertothepatientsandalsodesignedamasktoadministerchloroform.[6]HepersonallyadministeredchloroformtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirthtothelasttwoofherninechildren,Leopoldin1853andBeatricein1857,[7]leadingtowiderpublicacceptanceofobstetricanaesthesia.Snowpublishedanarticleonetherin1847entitledOntheInhalationoftheVaporofEther.AlongerversionentitledOnChloroformandOtherAnaestheticsandTheirActionandAdministrationwaspublishedposthumouslyin1858.   Cholera[edit]   Mainarticle:1854BroadStreetcholeraoutbreak   OriginalmapbyJohnSnowshowingtheclustersofcholeracasesintheLondonepidemicof1854,drawnandlithographedbyCharlesCheffins.   Snowwasascepticofthethen-dominantmiasmatheorythatstatedthatdiseasessuchascholeraandbubonicplaguewerecausedbypollutionoranoxiousformof"badair".Thegermtheoryofdiseasehadnotyetbeendeveloped,soSnowdidnotunderstandthemechanismbywhichthediseasewastransmitted.Hisobservationoftheevidenceledhimtodiscountthetheoryoffoulair.Hefirstpublicisedhistheoryinan1849essay,OntheModeofCommunicationofCholera,followedbyamoredetailedtreatisein1855incorporatingtheresultsofhisinvestigationoftheroleofthewatersupplyintheSohoepidemicof1854.[8]   Bytalkingtolocalresidents(withthehelpofReverendHenryWhitehead),heidentifiedthesourceoftheoutbreakasthepublicwaterpu
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